1
Hidden Costs
Suppliers may only present direct costs (material, labor) while overlooking indirect costs (overhead, depreciation) or contingency buffers. This can lead to an underestimation of the actual cost.
2
Transfer Pricing
In complex supply chains, costs can be manipulated through transfer pricing, where different entities within the same organization
charge each other artificial prices for internal transactions. This can make it difficult to track the true cost of a product across various stages.